This page describes the high-quality genome assembly for peanut (Arachis hypogaea), cultivar Tifrunner,
which was released in December, 2017 (Bertioli et al., 2019),
and the improved version 2.0. An explanation of the reason for the corrected version and a list of differences here.
This is a project of the International Peanut Genome Initiative, in order to
accelerate breeding progress and get more productive, disease-resistant, stress-tolerant varieties to farmers. The IPGI
project has sequenced the genomes of the two diploid progenitors of cultivated peanut,
as well as the genome of cultivated peanut itself.
Arachis (Peanut)
The genus Arachis contains approximately 69 species, distributed in South America east of the Andes, in the regions or Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil. Krapovickas, A. & W.C. Gregory. 2006. Taxonomy of the genus Arachis (Leguminosae). Translated by D.E. Williams & C.E. Simpson.
NCBI taxonomy ID: 3817
Tools and resources for the genus as a whole
- ArachisMine
- InterMine interface for accessing genetic and genomic data for Arachis species.
- ZZBrowse
- Association viewers (QTL, GWAS)
- Gigwa
- Genetic variation viewer
- GCViT
- Genetic variation viewer
- Genome Context Viewer
- Browser for dynamically discovering and viewing genomic synteny across selected species.
- Germplasm GIS
- Geographic information system viewer, showing collection locations for Arachis data held by the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System.
Tools and resources for particular species
Arachis hypogaea: peanut
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) was domesticated at the foot of the South American Andes within modern-day Argentina, Bolivia, or Paraguay. Cultivated peanuts are allotetraploids, with sub-genomes probably contributed by the hybridization of the diploid species Arachis duranensis and Arachis ipaensis.
NCBI taxonomy ID: 3818
Arachis hypogaea resources
- ArachisMine
- InterMine interface for accessing genetic and genomic data for several species in Arachis.
- ZZBrowse
- Association viewers (QTL, GWAS)
- Gigwa
- Genetic variation viewer
- GCViT
- Genetic variation viewer
- Genome Context Viewer
- Browser for dynamically discovering and viewing genomic synteny across selected species.
- Germplasm GIS
- Geographic information system viewer, showing collection locations for Arachis data held by the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System.
- Dowload at DS
- DataStore dir for Arachis hypogaea.
Arachis hypogaea accessions
Tifrunner (Southeastern United States)
Cultivar Tifrunner is a runner-type peanut bred in the United States and widely planted as a variety and widely used in breeding programs. The genome of this cultivar is described in Bertioli et al., 2019 (doi:10.1038/s41588-019-0405-z).
Fuhuasheng (North China)
The mid-twentieth century landrace Fuhuasheng, from North China, is a widely used parent from which ∼70% of Chinese peanut cultivars released during the past half century have been derived.
Shitouqi (China)
Arachis hypogaea var. Shitouqi (zh.h0235), the most widely cultivated peanut ecotype in the world, is a Chinese cultivar and breeding parent belonging to subspecies fastigiata, botanical type vulgaris and agronomic type Spanish with heterozygosity only 1/6,537 nucleotides on average.
BaileyII (Southeast US)
Virginia-type peanut cultivar developed by NCSU breeding program. Bailey II is a near-isogenic line to Bailey, possessing high-oleic trait and resistance to several important pathogens, derived from A. cardenasii introgressions.
Arachis duranensis: diploid wild peanut - A-genome
Arachis duranensis, a wild herb native to Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay, is thought to be one of the diploid ancestors of cultivated peanut. Its genome has been sequenced as part of the Peanut Genomics Initiative, to help in the accurate assembly of the more important cultivated peanut, A. hypogaea. Cultivated peanut derived all of its genetic material from two wild ancestors, A. duranensis and A. ipaensis whose genomes merged several thousand years ago, in a rare genetic event. The wild species, therefore, have half as much genetic material as cultivated peanut. These two simpler genomes have first been sequenced toward achieving its ultimate goal: the complete genomic sequence for cultivated peanut. The cultivated peanut is an allotetraploid (2n=4x=40) that carries both the A and B genomes and A. duranensis (2n=2x=20) has likely contributed the A genome, the smaller set of chromosomes in the karyotype. These two ancestral diploids separated from each other about 3 million years ago. The genome merger, allopolyploidy event, ocurred relatively very recently, five to ten thousand years ago, followed by domestication in South America from where it appeared in most part of the world by 1600. Arachis duranensis is described further in Bertioli et al., 2016 (doi:10.1038/ng.3517)
NCBI taxonomy ID: 130453
Arachis duranensis accessions
V14167 (Argentina, via USDA National Plant Germplasm Repository)
Arachis duranensis strain V14167 originates in a region east of the Andes, in the vicinity of northern Argentina and southern Bolivia. This accession is thought to be one of the diploid ancestors of cultivated peanut. Its genome has been sequenced as part of the Peanut Genomics Initiative, to help in the accurate assembly of the more important cultivated peanut, A. hypogaea. This accession is described in Bertioli et al., 2016 (doi:10.1038/ng.3517)
K30060 (Argentina, via USDA National Plant Germplasm Repository)
Arachis duranensis Krapov. & W.C. Greg is a wild peanut relative native to Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay. Identified as one of the diploid ancestors of cultivated tetraploid peanut (A. hypogaea), contributing the A-genome to the tetraploid species. Accession K30060 is one of the closest identified to A. hypogaea. It was originally collected from 1km North of Rio Perico, on highway to Jujuy airport (El Cadillal), Argentina; seed multiplied and maintained by USDA since then. This accession was sequenced with PacBio long reads, with contributions by USDA-ARS and researchers at Mars Inc. and the University of Georgia.
K30065 (Argentina, via USDA National Plant Germplasm Repository)
Arachis duranensis is a wild annual plant native to Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay. It is thought to be one of the diploid ancestors of cultivated tetraploid peanut. Accession K30065 was collected from northern Argentina, from the Banks of Bio Seco at Hwy 81 bridge, 3km SE of Senda Hachada, Salta. This accession was sequenced with PacBio long reads, with contributions by USDA-ARS and researchers at Mars Inc. and the University of Georgia.
Arachis ipaensis: diploid wild peanut - B genome
Arachis ipaensis A. ipaensis, native to Bolivia, is thought to be one of the diploid ancestors of cultivated peanut. The genome of A. ipaensis has just been sequenced as part of the Peanut Genomics Initiative, to help in the accurate assembly of the tetraploid domestic peanut, A. hypogaea. Cultivated peanut derived all of its genetic material from two wild ancestors, A. duranensis and A. ipaensis whose genomes merged several thousand years ago, in a rare genetic event. The wild species, therefore, have half as much genetic material as cultivated peanut. These two simpler genomes have first been sequenced toward achieving its ultimate goal: the complete genomic sequence for cultivated peanut. Arachis ipaensis is described further in Bertioli et al., 2016 (doi:10.1038/ng.3517)
NCBI taxonomy ID: 130454
Arachis ipaensis resources
- Dowload at DS
- DataStore dir for Arachis ipaensis.
Arachis ipaensis accessions
K30076 (Southern Bolivia)
Arachis ipaensis accession K30076 is the only accession collected from what is thought to be the origin of tetraploid peanut, Villa Montes Bolivia. It was likely carried there by early agriculturalists from a larger population several hundred kilometers to the north (Bertioli et al., 2016: doi:10.1038/ng.3517)
Arachis cardenasii: Mani silvestre (wild peanut)
Arachis cardenasii Krapov. & W.C. Greg. is a wild peanut relative native to Bolivia. It has been used by peanut breeders and geneticists in interspecific hybrids with cultivated peanut (A. hypogaea) as a source of pest and disease resistance. A. cardenasii is a diploid species in the 'A-genome' group of Arachis, similar to A. duranensis, which contributed one of the two subgenomes to tetraploid cultivated peanut.
NCBI taxonomy ID: 51121
Arachis cardenasii resources
- Dowload at DS
- DataStore dir for Arachis cardenasii.
Arachis cardenasii accessions
K10017 (Robore, Bolivia)
Perennial plant. Taproot deep, Mainstem erect, with long procumbent lateral branches growing from base. Leaves tetrafoliolate, fruit geocarpic.
Arachis stenosperma: Amendoim silvestre (wild peanut)
Arachis stenosperma Krapov. & W.C. Greg. is a wild peanut relative native to central Brazil, in the past it was cultivated by native peoples of South America, and was carried to the Atlantic coast, where populations persist to the present day. It is a source of strong pest and disease resistance and has been used by peanut breeders and geneticists in interspecific hybrids. A. stenosperma is diploid species in the A-genome group of Arachis, which has similarity to the A genome of tetraploid cultivated peanut (A. hypogaea).
NCBI taxonomy ID: 217475
Arachis stenosperma resources
- Dowload at DS
- DataStore dir for Arachis stenosperma.
Arachis stenosperma accessions
V10309 (Brazil)
This accession was sequenced with PacBio long reads, with contributions by USDA-ARS and researchers at Mars Inc. and the University of Georgia. Seed collected in Brazil by Jose F. Valls and Glocimar de Silva.